为实现持久化，docker引入了挂载数据卷的方法，以实现数据的可持久化。具体是以下三种： 一.通过docker run命令 命令： docker run -dit --name gerrit -p 9001:8080 -p 29419:29418 -v /home/docker/test.txt:/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3 此时将宿主机的/data/mysql1挂载到容器的/var/lib/mysql下，这里需要注意的还分以下几种情况： A.挂载本地不存在的文件，到容器中已存在的文件，无法启动 docker run -dit --name gerrit -p 9001:8080 -p 29419:29418 -v /home/docker/review_site_test/root:/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3

结果无法启动

B.挂载本地不存在的文件夹，到容器内已存在的文件夹，可以启动，但会清空容器内的指定目录/var/spool/cron/crontabs下的所有文件 docker run -dit --name gerrit -p 9001:8080 -p 29419:29418 -v /home/docker/review_site_test:/var/spool/cron/crontabs openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3

结果可以启动

但需要注意的是挂载本地不存在的文件夹过去，会清空当前容器的指定文件夹。如果容器中对该文件夹有启动依赖，例如上面的gerrit镜像: 使用下面的命令就无法启动： docker run -dit --name gerrit -p 9001:8080 -p 29419:29418 -v /home/docker/review-site21a:/usr/share/gitweb openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3

原因:gerrit依赖于gitweb

C.挂载本地存在的文件，到容器内指定文件，可以启动，该文件会覆盖你指定的文件 [root@zzw docker]# cat test.txt askdkjajksdk

[root@zzw docker]# docker run -dit --name gerrit -p 9001:8080 -p 29419:29418 -v /home/docker/test.txt:/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3 c86aac5a73d551163c262bdf4db8cc4253322ac4c41d2d2418675c5b4f63e62a

bash-4.4# cd /var/spool/cron/crontabs bash-4.4# ls root bash-4.4# vim root bash: vim: command not found bash-4.4# cat root askdkjajksdk

D.挂载本地存在的文件夹test，到容器里已存在的文件夹，发现test目录中的文件，直接到容器内指定目录下 [root@zzw docker]# docker run -dit --name gerrit -p 9001:8080 -p 29419:29418 -v /home/docker/test:/var/spool/cron/crontabs openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3 9c32db2cff1d8d7ed3636a812302470d9408f4c60786067a57da770b930ae01f [root@zzw docker]# docker exec -it gerrit /bin/bash bash-4.4# cd /var/spool/cron/ bash-4.4# ls crontabs bash-4.4# cd crontabs bash-4.4# ls test.txt bash-4.4# vim test.txt bash: vim: command not found bash-4.4# cat test.txt askdkjajksdk

F.挂载本地存在的文件夹test，到容器里不存在的文件夹，会在容器内创建该test文件夹 E的变种 [root@zzw docker]# docker run -dit --name gerrit -p 9001:8080 -p 29419:29418 -v /home/docker/test:/var/spool/cron/test openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3 53fb24583eb65278599975ca515000080267e8348e945f1fcbd4fc4f8e6cb165 [root@zzw docker]# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 53fb24583eb6 openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3 "/gerrit-entrypoin..." 4 seconds ago Up 2 seconds 0.0.0.0:9001->8080/tcp, 0.0.0.0:29419->29418/tcp gerrit d114a167bbcc nginx:1.15.2-alpine "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 41 hours ago Exited (0) 35 minutes ago test_nginx_1 641508207b44 mysql:5.7 "docker-entrypoint..." 41 hours ago Exited (0) 35 minutes ago test_db_1 [root@zzw docker]# docker exec -it gerrit /bin/bash bash-4.4# cd /var/spool/cron/ bash-4.4# ls crontabs test bash-4.4# cd test/ bash-4.4# ls test.txt

G.挂载本地是文件test.txt，到容器内指定的目录crontabs，报错 [root@zzw docker]# docker run -dit --name gerrit -p 9001:8080 -p 29419:29418 -v /home/docker/test/test.txt:/var/spool/cron/crontabs openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3 e63487c08abce10c8bdbcf834714ad0994a93118abdd5126969856f862ca7f0b /usr/bin/docker-current: Error response from daemon: oci runtime error: container_linux.go:247: starting container process caused "process_linux.go:364: container init caused "rootfs_linux.go:54: mounting \"/home/docker/test/test.txt\" to rootfs \"/var/lib/docker/overlay2/5b0428b09a0727e114f06d312106e4fb28bc31d728abd27dab2f30328497c3c7/merged\" at \"/var/lib/docker/overlay2/5b0428b09a0727e114f06d312106e4fb28bc31d728abd27dab2f30328497c3c7/merged/etc/crontabs\" caused \"not a directory\""" : Are you trying to mount a directory onto a file (or vice-versa)? Check if the specified host path exists and is the expected type.

看过第一种肯定有一些疑惑，因为有些镜像是违背第一种原则，即宿主机不存在某个目录，-v参数指定的宿主机目录:容器目录，容器目录里的东西立马都到宿主机指定的目录下了，不是因为宿主机的空目录覆盖掉容器的指定目录吗？怎么容器目录里的东西全都过来呢？ 例如你用这条命令试试： docker run -dit --name gerrit -p 9001:8080 -p 29419:29418 -v /home/docker/test1:/var/gerrit/review_site openfrontier/gerrit:2.15.3

别着急等会儿解释。

二.通过dockerfile中的volume创建挂载点 下面我们看下mysql的dockerfile

FROM debian:stretch-slim # add our user and group first to make sure their IDs get assigned consistently, regardless of whatever dependencies get added RUN groupadd -r mysql && useradd -r -g mysql mysql RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gnupg dirmngr && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* # add gosu for easy step-down from root ENV GOSU_VERSION 1.7 RUN set -x \ && apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends ca-certificates wget && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \ && wget -O /usr/local/bin/gosu "https://github.com/tianon/gosu/releases/download/$GOSU_VERSION/gosu-$(dpkg --print-architecture)" \ && wget -O /usr/local/bin/gosu.asc "https://github.com/tianon/gosu/releases/download/$GOSU_VERSION/gosu-$(dpkg --print-architecture).asc" \ && export GNUPGHOME="$(mktemp -d)" \ && gpg --batch --keyserver ha.pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys B42F6819007F00F88E364FD4036A9C25BF357DD4 \ && gpg --batch --verify /usr/local/bin/gosu.asc /usr/local/bin/gosu \ && gpgconf --kill all \ && rm -rf "$GNUPGHOME" /usr/local/bin/gosu.asc \ && chmod +x /usr/local/bin/gosu \ && gosu nobody true \ && apt-get purge -y --auto-remove ca-certificates wget RUN mkdir /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \ # for MYSQL_RANDOM_ROOT_PASSWORD pwgen \ # for mysql_ssl_rsa_setup openssl \ # FATAL ERROR: please install the following Perl modules before executing /usr/local/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db: # File::Basename # File::Copy # Sys::Hostname # Data::Dumper perl \ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* RUN set -ex; \ # gpg: key 5072E1F5: public key "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>" imported key='A4A9406876FCBD3C456770C88C718D3B5072E1F5'; \ export GNUPGHOME="$(mktemp -d)"; \ gpg --batch --keyserver ha.pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys "$key"; \ gpg --batch --export "$key" > /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/mysql.gpg; \ gpgconf --kill all; \ rm -rf "$GNUPGHOME"; \ apt-key list > /dev/null ENV MYSQL_MAJOR 5.7 ENV MYSQL_VERSION 5.7.25-1debian9 RUN echo "deb http://repo.mysql.com/apt/debian/ stretch mysql-${MYSQL_MAJOR}" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mysql.list # the "/var/lib/mysql" stuff here is because the mysql-server postinst doesn't have an explicit way to disable the mysql_install_db codepath besides having a database already "configured" (ie, stuff in /var/lib/mysql/mysql) # also, we set debconf keys to make APT a little quieter RUN { \ echo mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/data-dir select ''; \ echo mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/root-pass password ''; \ echo mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/re-root-pass password ''; \ echo mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/remove-test-db select false; \ } | debconf-set-selections \ && apt-get update && apt-get install -y mysql-server="${MYSQL_VERSION}" && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \ && rm -rf /var/lib/mysql && mkdir -p /var/lib/mysql /var/run/mysqld \ && chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql /var/run/mysqld \ # ensure that /var/run/mysqld (used for socket and lock files) is writable regardless of the UID our mysqld instance ends up having at runtime && chmod 777 /var/run/mysqld \ # comment out a few problematic configuration values && find /etc/mysql/ -name '*.cnf' -print0 \ | xargs -0 grep -lZE '^(bind-address|log)' \ | xargs -rt -0 sed -Ei 's/^(bind-address|log)/#&/' \ # don't reverse lookup hostnames, they are usually another container && echo '[mysqld]\nskip-host-cache\nskip-name-resolve' > /etc/mysql/conf.d/docker.cnf VOLUME /var/lib/mysql COPY docker-entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin/ RUN ln -s usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh /entrypoint.sh # backwards compat ENTRYPOINT ["docker-entrypoint.sh"] EXPOSE 3306 33060 CMD ["mysqld"]

很明显有个标签: VOLUME 这个标签我理解是将容器目录暴露出去，简单理解就是容器中的目录可以挂载到宿主机的某个匿名目录，一般是在docker的主程序目录下，一般没做修改的话就是/var/lib/docker下，我这里是/data/docker 来看下具体命令：

那么我们到标红的那段里面看看，是否和/var/lib/mysql一样呢？结果是一样的

那老是匿名不是个事，我们能指定吗？ 第一种方法-v不就行了吗？ 下面试试： 结果发现是可以了，/var/lib/mysql里的东西全部到/data/mysql1里面了，这里其实是容器的目录复制到指定目录，宿主机的指定目录再挂载到容器的指定目录中，这理解起来可能有些困难，但是确实是这样。 那么我们就很好解决了上面gerrit数据卷的问题了，因为它的dockerfile里面也是有VOLUME标签的。

三.使用--volumes-from参数指定挂载的容器的宿主机目录 上图，不多bb 可以发现mysql1和mysql用的是用一个宿主机目录/data/mysql1

好了，数据卷东西就写到这了